Wednesday, October 18, 2017
لعنة إسرائيل الأخرى
Wednesday, September 13, 2017
A New Middle East?
Thursday, August 30, 2012
Morsi's Egypt: Toward a New Foreign Policy?
Wednesday, August 10, 2011
Egypt and Israel: Can Deep Contradictions be Settled?
Edward Said
On May 30, Daily News (Egypt) printed an article in its commentaries page entitled "In Defense of Reason," in which commentator Amr Yossef aimed at refuting three myths about Israel that "appear to continue dominating Egyptian public opinion," namely, that Israel works to weaken Egypt; that Israel wants to occupy Egypt; and that Israel is all-powerful.
Though prevalent among some Egyptians, the second and third myths are hardly debatable among intellectuals or in academic circles. The reasons need no long explanation. To put it in simple words, Israel does not want to occupy Egypt because neither does it have a legitimate pretext to justify such a reckless step particularly against wide international condemnations, nor does it want to open a new front as it struggles to contain its current foes (Iran, Syria, Hamas and Hezbollah) whose political and military actions have been causing enough nuisances to its leadership. And Israel is certainly not all-powerful, simply because no party is, or ever was, all-powerful in international politics. In Afghanistan, Iraq and elsewhere, the limitations of US power – the world's only superpower in today's world – can hardly be missed. In short, these two far-fetched hypotheses are so weak and dilapidated that their validity is discredited without the need of any external effort.
The first so-called "myth," however, deserves further discussion. First, it is true that Israel is not interested in seeing "an Egypt that is weakened, divided, and torn by sectarian violence" because of the negative implications of such a situation on Israel's security. But does this necessarily mean that Israel is interested in an Egypt that is politically and economically powerful? Absolutely not. Israel's unwillingness to seeing Egypt descend into chaos does not automatically mean interest in seeing it develop, grow and prosper. Israel is interested in Egypt's stability, not prosperity, and this attitude is, needless to say, born out of self-interest calculations, not altruistic motives.
Secondly, even if the bitter heritage of the six-decade Arab-Israeli conflict is sidelined on the pretext that succumbing to "psychological" barriers is an uncivilized stance that reflects an anti-reason mindset, strategic considerations —in particular competition for regional influence— will always obstruct the development of close Egyptian-Israeli relations. Israel may not want to expand militarily, but increasing its influence in the region through political alliances, economic tools, propaganda, etc, has been on its agenda for many years.
This factor polluted Egyptian-Israeli relations even at the zenith of worldwide optimism about the prospects of a comprehensive and lasting Arab-Israeli peace. During the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) conference held in Casablanca in 1994, Shimon Peres spoke about the benefits of Israel’s regional leadership, ironically in a region that had been militarily subjugated by Israel for decades. “Egypt led the Arabs for 40 years and brought them to the abyss, you will see the region’s economic situation improve when Israel takes the reins of leadership in the Middle East," he preached to his Arab counterparts. The inevitability of competition for regional influence is why eminent scholar on Middle Eastern politics Fawaz Gerges predicted then that the interests of Egypt and Israel in the post-peace Middle East “are bound to clash.”
And today, as Egypt frees itself from the rigid chains that have obstructed development and imposed dictatorship and economic failure, hopes of a democratic, developed and modern Egypt have been resurrected.
Is Israel is excited about this development? Absolutely not. A historical precedent can explain. In the mid-1950s, Egyptian President Gamel Abdel-Nasser told the British parliamentarian Richard Crossman, liaison in unofficial talks between Egypt and Israel at the time, that Egypt was not interested in embattling Israel and that its efforts were focused on internal development. In response, Israel's Prime Minister Ben Gurion commented: "This is bad news, very bad news."
History repeats itself. Israel is undoubtedly concerned as it sees the wind of change sweeping old political players and structures and changing the political order on the Nile. In the new Egypt, certainly, foreign policy will be more responsive to public opinion. Under dictators like Mubarak, the wishes of the public were trampled upon using the whips of the security apparatus and the lies of the microphone. The national interest of Egypt was forfeited to serve a corrupt regime determined to advance a father-to-son succession of power, and a handful of parasite businessmen who sucked Egyptians dry to pump more cash into their ill-gotten bank accounts. The gas deal with Israel is a vivid case in point.
This phase, to the dismay of Israel, has come to an end. Egypt's post-revolution Foreign Minister Nabil Al-Arabi explained that Israel considered Mubarak a treasure, adding that Israel "could have gotten whatever it wanted out of him." But with the downfall of Mubarak, he said, "the treasure is gone." Thus, it is most likely that Egypt's foreign policy vis-à-vis Israel will not be as lenient, submissive, and collusive as it was over the last decade. It is only against this truth that one can understand the reactions of Israel's political leaders to recent developments in Egypt; Netanyahu's pleas to Western leaders to rescue Mubarak during the revolution; former Defense Minister Binyamin Ben-Eliezer's tears over the loss of his faithful ally; and the hysteria of Israel's right-wing politicians and media after the triumph of the revolution.
Thirdly, even if the myths entertained by the Egyptian public are excluded from the political calculus, the different agendas of the two countries will put them on a collision course. For example, Egypt's support of Palestinian rights, and its irritation at Israel's reluctance to save the faltering peace process will constitute a stumbling block to the development of close Egyptian-Israeli relations.
In the language of literature, both "text" and "subtext" must be scrutinized by the prudent literary critic. Apparently, there is hardly any problem with the text of Yossef's article. But the subtext, which is the unspoken content that lies beneath the spoken content, needs close attention. Since nations are narrations, then —and I stick here to the lexicon of literary criticism— presenting another narrative of Egypt's story with Israel is imperative.
Nael M. Shama
* This article was published in Daily News (Egypt) on July 3, 2011.
Thursday, July 29, 2010
Norman Finkelstein (Interviewed by Nael Shama)

Norman Finkelstein was born in 1953 to Jewish parents who survived the holocaust. His mother's memories of the atrocities she had witnessed, and her routine outrage at the perpetrators of any crime against humanity, instilled in him genuine sympathy with all human sufferings - irrespective of race, color and faith - and a deep longing for justice.
Finkelstein finished his undergraduate studies at Binghamton University, and earned his Master's and PhD degrees from Princeton University. Soon after, he became a vocal critic of Israel's brutal policies, and a staunch supporter of the rights of Palestinians.
He authored a number of books on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and the Holocaust, such as Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict, The Rise and Fall of Palestine: A Personal Account of the Intifada Years, Beyond Chutzpah: On the Misuse of Anti-Semitism and the Abuse of History and, most recently, This Time We Went Too Far: Truth and Consequences of the Gaza Invasion. His books have been translated into more than 40 foreign editions.
The Holocaust Industry: Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering, first published in 2000, is Finkelstein's most provoking and controversial book. Using thorough investigation, an outstanding ability to dissect the subject and connect the scattered dots, plus his brilliant sarcasm, he disdainfully denounced the holocaust industry for using the memory of a brutal genocide to serve present-day ideological and material purposes. When it came out, the book was described by The Guardian as "the most explosive book of the year." The book opened the gates of hell for Finkelstein who was ostracized by Israel and many Jewish organizations in the US.
Finkelstein initiated another heated debate in 2003 when he described the then recently published book (The Case for Israel), authored by the pro-Israel scholar and Professor of Law at Harvard University, Alan Dershowitz, as "a collection of fraud, falsification, plagiarism, and nonsense." Dershowitz denied the accusations and threatened libel action over the charges of Finkelstein. Another controversy ensued concerning the definition of plagiarism and proper methods of citation in academic studies.
Finkelstein's daring, sharp and controversial views, which in most cases contradict with the mainstream views of the American intellectual community, did not come without a price. In June 2007, he was denied tenure at De Paul University, allegedly because his "personal and reputation demeaning attacks" on a number of scholars – including Dershowitz - were inconsistent with De Paul's "Vincentian" values. The incident did cast serious doubt across the United States on the integrity of academic institutions, and their immunity to political pressure.
Finkelstein: Israel May Target Nasrallah's Deputy
Q: Let me first delve into the repercussions of the Gaza aid flotilla confrontation. Many aid ships are expected to head for Gaza in the coming months. What kind of change could this "aid offensive" lead to in light of Israel's determination to block their entrance into Gaza?
I think things are becoming now a little bit confusing, and there needs to be clarity on exactly what goals people are trying to accomplish. And there needs to be, I think, a common plan. There are many individual initiatives being set up, and it is unclear whether the goal is to break the siege of Gaza, or different organizations and different states using the Gaza siege for their own separate agendas. And I don’t think that’s helpful.
The goal obviously has to be to fully end the siege of Gaza, to allow for – as several human rights organizations have said – Gazans to live a normal and dignified life, to allow them to enter and leave Gaza as they want, the ability to have exports to restore the economy, and just to have a normal life to the extent it is possible. That’s the goal. But I'm not confident that goal can be reached in the form of so many different initiatives, so many different flotillas, and the fact that it is becoming unclear whether it is the interests of the people of Gaza that are served, or whether it is different states and different organizations using Gaza for their own agendas.
Q: When you say "states with different agendas," are you referring to the Turkish role?
I think the Turkish initiative was very authentic, but one of the problems with success is that everybody wants to imitate it. And they want to imitate it not necessarily for the same original motives.
Q: You said that Israel is "acting like a lunatic state," certainly in light of Israel's blunders in Lebanon (2006), Gaza (2008/9), the assassination of Al-Mabhouh in Dubai (2010) and most recently the attack on the aid flotilla. How can the international community best deal with such a lunatic state?
I think the main challenge is to simply enforce the law. And there are many aspects of the law which have gone unenforced. First, Amnesty International has said that there should be a comprehensive arms embargo imposed on Israel and Hamas, because they said Israel is a consistent violator of human rights, and under international law and domestic American law, it is illegal to transfer weapons to a country which is a consistent violator of human rights. So that’s one law which should be enforced.
Secondly, there is the issue that remains pending, namely the resolution of the United Nations for an independent investigation of the crimes that were committed in Gaza {during the 2008/9 Israeli offense}. That law too should be enforced.
And, more generally, it is now been 43 years since Israel occupied Gaza and the West Bank, and in my opinion, it is no longer a legal occupation under international law. It is no longer what is technically called a "belligerent occupation." It has become an illegal occupation, because the fundamental characteristic of a belligerent occupation is that it is supposed to be transitional until the end of war hostilities.
Israel has no intention of ending this occupation. Israel is intending to annex crucial parts of the West bank, and effectively control the whole of it, so it is no longer a belligerent occupation. It is an illegal occupation. And so the law should be enforced there, and Israel should be forced to leave the occupied territories.
And then there is one other outstanding issue, and that’s the issue of the nuclear weapons, and there, I think again, we should follow what the international community has said. Since 1995, the IAEA has called for the Middle East to be turned into a "weapons of mass destruction free zone," and I think that should be enforced as well.
Q: So Israel is lunatic and aggressive but it is also slowly becoming a pariah state. Could this dangerous mixture drive Israel to take another wrong move? Perhaps a strike against Iran?
I don’t think the Israelis will launch a strike against Iran, but they will do something to restore what they call their "deterrence capacity." With each bungled operation, Israel becomes more and more worried that the Arab world will not fear it. And as one Israeli General commented a few weeks ago, "it is ok if the Arabs think we are crazy, but it is not ok if they think we are crazy and incompetent." And so Israel is concerned that their succession of bungled operations is conveying the impression that it is no longer a formidable fighting force. And so it will do something in order to restore its deterrence capacity. Exactly what is that I could not say, but I suspect they may do something like trying to assassinate the second person in Hezbollah, someone like Naim Kassem {Deputy Secretary General of Hezbollah}. They wouldn’t touch Nasrallah because they recognize that would unleash a chain reaction, which could have devastating consequences for them, but they would consider assassinating Kassem, or some operation like that.
Finkelstein: The Role of Egypt Has Become So Shameful.
Q: The Rafah Crossing issue has become quite controversial in Egypt lately. On one hand, the Egyptian government claims that Israel should shoulder its responsibilities towards the Gaza Strip, as long as the Strip remains occupied. But on the other hand, keeping the only gate to Gaza that is not under Israeli control closed raises questions about Egypt's participation in the inhumane siege. What are your views on this issue?
I think both statements are correct. Under International law, Israel is the occupying power, and it has the responsibility for restoring normal order and peace in Gaza. On the other hand, it is true that Egypt is a collaborationist regime. The role of Egypt in support of Israel's brutal occupation of Gaza has become so shameful, so appalling. It is simply a disgrace.
I have noticed lately when I meet Egyptians, as I often do in the United States, that when I ask them where they are from, they say: I'm ashamed to say I am from Egypt. This 30-year dictatorship is really quite terrible, and it's quite shameful that it required an action by Turkey to force Egypt to open up the Rafah border, because Egypt understood the message that was being transmitted, namely a non-Arab Muslim state cared more about the Palestinians than an Arab state.
Q: Does this mean that Egypt has recently moved closer to the Israeli position?
Egypt did not move closer to the Israeli position, because there is no space between the Egyptian and the Israeli positions to begin with. There is no way it can move closer. There has been only one disagreement between Egypt and Israel, and that’s over the weapons of mass destruction free zone in the Middle East. Otherwise, Egypt is just a client state of the United States, and collaborators with Israel.
Q: Doesn’t this delegitimize what Egypt claims to be the "honest broker" role it has been playing between the Israelis and the Palestinians?
Egypt is a client state of the United States. It does not have any independent role whatsoever. And Mubarak is probably the most revolting creature in the Arab world today. I think there is a consensus among everybody here. He is actually kind of a freak.
Q: The US President Barack Obama is increasingly seen in the Arab world as a "man of words, not actions." Since his speech at Cairo University last year, nothing has been achieved on the peace process track. Are you anticipating any change in US foreign policy towards the Palestinian/Israeli conflict in the coming months?
There is no change that’s going to come from President Obama. That’s quite clear, and anybody who invested hope in it – and I was not one of them – should now be free of any illusions. There are two developments which are true: First, there has been a significant shift in American public opinion, both among Americans generally and among American Jews, regarding Israel. And I think it is correct to say that a rift has opened up between large segments of Americans – including American Jews – and Israel.
Secondly, Israel's erratic actions have caused members of ruling elites in the United States to consider whether or not Israel is the strategic asset it once was for the US. And you see a certain amount of questioning that has been occurring among ruling elites about the usefulness of the alliance with Israel. And of course that is going to reflect itself in some gestures by Obama, but those are strictly reactive, that is, he is reacting to developments on the ground, but there are no initiatives coming from him.
Q: And when, in your opinion, could these developments in US society and public opinion be translated into real change in US foreign policy?
It is going to take a long time. It is important for that shift in public opinion to occur, but nothing will come of that shift unless it is harnessed into a political force. And that kind of organizing hasn’t yet begun. There needs to be created a serious lobby, which will take that public opinion and turn it into a political actor in the American political system. And that has not happened yet. If public opinion changes, but people don’t act on that change in opinion, it makes no difference whether it has changed or not. All you have to do is get people to take the next step, and to act on it.
* This interview was published in Daily News (Egypt) on July 28&29, 2010.
Wednesday, April 9, 2008
أمن العرب بين فكي إسرائيل وإيران
خصص الكاتب الكبير فهمي هويدي في الآونة الأخيرة عدداً من مقالاته للتعبير عن دهشته من مواقف بعض الدول العربية المتباينة تجاه كلٍّ من إيران وإسرائيل. فقد استرعى انتباه هويدي كيف أن بعض الدول العربية تنظر إلى إيران باعتبارها خطراً حقيقياً يهدد أمنها القومي، في ذات الوقت الذي تمد فيه جسور التعاون والصداقة مع إسرائيل. كما يعتقد هويدي أن التساؤل المطروح بين النخب الثقافية وفي وسائل الإعلام عن الخطر الأكبر الذي يهدد أمن الوطن العربي، هل هو إسرائيل أم إيران، هو سؤال "غريب وشاذ"، و"يعبر عن درجة عالية من الخلل في الرؤية"، إذ أنه من "البديهيات والمسلمات" أن إسرائيل هي مصدر التهديد الحقيقي لكلٍّ من العرب والإيرانيين. أما إيران فليست - في أسوأ الفروض - سوى خطرٍ محتملٍ على منطقة الخليج العربي فحسب.
المفارقة التي أقلقت هويدي مشروعة ومنطقية. فقد ظل الصراع نمط تفاعل العالم العربي الرئيسي مع إسرائيل منذ فيامها في عام 1948م. واتخذ هذا الصراع الشكل العسكري لستة مرات على الأقل (48، 56، 67، 73، 82، 2006). وأعوام المواجهات توضح أنه منذ الأربعينات شهدت كل العقود تقريباً حربأ تقليدية بين الجيش الإسرائيلي وإحدى الدول العربية على الأقل. وإذا أُضيفت إلى تلك الحروب الانتفاضات الفلسطينية المتكررة منذ العام 1987م لتبين حجم واستدامة الصراع المسلح بين إسرائيل وجيرانها العرب، والذي استحق بجدارة وصف "الصراع العربي-الإسرائيلي". كما أن استمرار إسرائيل في احتلال الأراضي العربية المحتلة، وتلكؤها في تنفيذ استحقاقات عملية السلام يضيف مزيداً من الشكوك حول جديتها في التخلي عن أحلامها التوسعية، والعيش في سلام مع جيرانها.
وحتى إذا نحي العرب إرث الماضي المتخم بالشكوك وعدم الثقة جانباً، فلن يكون من السهل عليهم التغاضي عن حقيقة أن إسرائيل هي في الحاضر أقوى دول المنطقة عسكرياً وتكنولوجياً، وأنها تعمل جاهدة - بمساعدة الولايات المتحدة - على أن يبقى جيشها باستمرار متفوقاً على الدول العربية مجتمعة. وهي فوق ذلك مدججة بمئات الرؤوس النووية في منطقة جغرافية شاسعة تخلو من الأسلحة النووية.
والحق أن نظرية توازن القوى – وهي من أشهر نظريات العلاقات الدولية – تشير إلى أنه في أي نظام إقليمي تتحالف الدول الأضعف مع بعضها البعض في مواجهة الدول الأقوى. والدافع وراء ذلك السلوك يعود إلى يقينها من أن مصالحها (وربما بقائها ذاته) سيكونان مهددين إن لم تتصدى – وفي الوقت المناسب – للقوى الأقوى قبل أن تحكم سيطرتها على مقاليد الأمور، وتنتزع التنازلات في محيط نفوذها. ولذلك قال رئيس الوزراء البريطاني الأسبق ونستون تشرشل: إن الاستراتيجية البريطانية اعتمدت لأربعمائة عام على مواجهة القوى الأكبر في القارة الأوروبية.
ولذلك يبدو طبيعياً أن تتكتل الدول العربية ضد إسرائيل التي تفوقت عسكرياً لعقود، والتي يرى الكثيرون أنها ستسعى في زمن السلام إلى مواصلة السيطرة بوسائل اقتصادية. وفي هذا السياق تبرز مقولة شيمون بيريز الشهيرة أثناء انعقاد المؤتمر الشرق أوسطي بالدار البيضاء: إن مصر قادت العرب أربعين سنة فأوصلتهم إلى هذه الهاوية. ستتحسن أوضاع الإقليم الاقتصادية عندما تتولى إسرائيل قيادة الشرق الأوسط.
من هذا المنطلق تبدو وجاهة تساؤلات فهمي هويدي. والإجابة تكمن فيما طرحه ستيفن والت أستاذ العلاقات الدولية بجامعة هارفارد من تعديل على نظرية توازن القوى التي سيطرت على تفكير علماء السياسة الدولية لعشرات السنين. ففي كتابه الصادر عام 1987م "جذور التحالف"، خلص والت إلى أن الدول تسعى لمجابهة الدول الأكثر تهديداً لها في نطاقها الإقليمي عوضاً عن تلك التي تمتلك مصادر القوة الأكبر. وعلى الرغم من أن ضراوة تهديد طرف ما تعتمد جزئياً على ما يمتلكه هذا الطرف من قوة، إلا أنها تتضمن أيضاً حساب النوايا العدوانية. وفي كثير من الأحيان لا تكون الدول الأكثر تهديداً هي الأقوى مادياً. وبالتالي فإن مفهوم "توازن القوى" (Balance of Power) يجب أن يُستبدل بمفهوم أكثر دقة وهو "توازن التهديد" (Balance of Threat). المفهوم الجديد يأخذ في الاعتبار العناصر المادية (كالقوة الهجومية والقرب الجغرافي) ويزيد عليها بإدراج العناصر النفسية (وبالتحديد النوايا العدوانية للآخرين).
لقد واجهت ألمانيا - وحلفاؤها - في الحربين العالميتين الأولى والثانية تحالفاً واسعاً من الدول ليس لأنها الأقوى من الناحية العسكرية والاقتصادية، وإنما بسبب شراستها وسياستها العدوانية التي أقنعت جيرانها بأنهم إزاء خطر داهم يجب احتواؤه سريعاً. وبالمثل واجه النظام البعثي في سوريا الستينات عزلة واسعة في العالم العربي، بسبب السياسات الراديكالية التي اتبعها قادته، وليس بسبب إمكانياته المادية، والتي كانت شديدة التواضع وقتها، ولا تدعو إلى القلق.
نفس المنطق يمكن أن يفسر نمط تفاعل بعض الدول العربية حالياً مع كلاً من إيران وإسرائيل. فدول الخليج العربي مثلاً لا تري في إسرائيل - رغم تفوقها العسكري الكاسح - خطراً مباشراً يهدد أمنها، ببساطة لأن الأخيرة لم يثبت أنها هددت وحدة أراضيها. وإن كان للسياسة الإسرائيلية من أهداف في هذا الإقليم فهي اقتصادية بحتة، مثل تأمين إمدادات البترول، وجذب فوائض عائدات البترول، وإقامة مشروعات مشتركة...الخ. وكل هذه الأهداف لا تصب بالضرورة في صالح الطرف الإسرائيلي فقط، بل يمكن - نظرياً على الأقل - أن تكون مفيدة لمصالح الطرفين.
في نفس الوقت تتسم نظرة دول الخليج إلى إيران بالريبة والشك. فلقد سبق وأن طالبت إيران بضم دولة خليجية بأكملها - وليس إقليماً أو مدينة - وهي البحرين. وهي تحتل منذ أوائل السبعينات ثلاث جزر تطالب بها دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة. كما أن مفهوم "تصدير الثورة" الذي ظهر وراج في أعقاب الثورة الإسلامية كان موجهاً بالأساس إلى الدول الإسلامية المجاورة. وفي هذا الإطار يدور حديث طويل في وسائل الإعلام حول الخلايا الإيرانية النائمة التي زرعها الحرس الثوري الإيراني في المدن الخليجية لاستخدامها حين تستدعي الضرورة. ومن حين لآخر تخرج تصريحات بعض المسئولين الإيرانيين لتزيد من إحساس القادة الخليجيين بالقلق، مثل تصريح علي شمخاني كبير المستشارين العسكريين للمرشد الأعلى للثورة الإسلامية لصحيفة "الصنداي التايمز" البريطانية (10 يونيو 2007م) بأن إيران ستقصف محطات الطاقة ومضخات النفط في الخليج في حال أقدمت واشنطن على توجيه ضربة عسكرية ضد طهران. وإذا أخذنا في الاعتبار عامل القرب الجغرافي، والتفاوت الكبير في حجم السكان، وفي القدرات العسكرية للطرفين، خصوصاً مع سعي إيران في السنوات الأخيرة لامتلاك التكنولوجيا النووية، لأمكن فهم دواعي القلق الخليجية.
لعل إحدى مكامن الضعف في رؤية هويدي أنه لا يمكن من الناحية التحليلية وضع كل الدول العربية في سلة واحدة من زاوية تحديد الأهداف الاستراتيجية العليا وإدراك مصادر التهديد، فالموقف من إسرائيل يتباين تبعاً لاختلاف الموقع الجغرافي، إذ لا تري دول الخليج العربي والمغرب العربي في إسرائيل خطراً داهماً، كما هو الحال مع دول المواجهة، كسوريا مثلاً. كما أن وجود مصادر أخرى للتهديد أكثر ضغطاً وإلحاحاً (بشقيها المادي والمعنوي) يحجب الخطر الإسرائيلي، ويبعده عن مصاف الأولويات. على سبيل المثال، أيهما أكثر تهديداً لأمن السودان ووحدة أراضيه، تشاد أم إسرائيل؟ أما مفهوم القومية العربية ومشاعر التضامن الإسلامي، فقد اضمحل دورهما في تشكيل سياسات الدول العربية، للدرجة التي جعلت بعضها يُحمل حزب الله مسثولية اندلاع حرب صيف 2006م.
لكل تلك الأسباب لا تثير مواقف تلك الدول العربية الدهشة، أو تعبر عن خلل في الرؤية، ولا يعتبر الاعتقاد بأن الخطر الإسرائيلي هو الأكبر لكل الدول العربية من "البديهيات والمسلمات".
د. نايل محمد شامة
* نُشرت هذه المقالة في جريدة العربي (بتاريخ 30 مارس 2008م).